Diabetes, Causes, Symptoms and Prevention
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What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose.
Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
Consult your doctor about having your blood sugar tested if you experience any of the following diabetes symptoms:
- A lot of urination.
- Are very thirsty.
- Lose weight without trying.
- have a lot of hunger.
- Have vision problems.
- Have numb or tingling hands or feet.
- Feel very tired.
- Have very dry skin.
What are the types of diabetes?
Diabetes type 2 occurs when your body does not produce enough insulin or when your cells do not normally respond to insulin (insulin resistance). This is the most common type of diabetes. It mostly affects adults, but it can also happen to children.
The stage prior to Type 2 diabetes is known as prediabetes. Although your blood glucose levels are higher than usual, they are not high enough to indicate Type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which your immune system attacks and destroys the cells in your pancreas that make insulin for no apparent reason. Type 1 diabetes affects up to 10% of diabetes patients. It’s usually diagnosed in children and young adults, but it can develop at any age.
Gestational diabetes: This type develops in some people during pregnancy. After giving birth, gestational diabetes typically disappears. However, if you have gestational diabetes, you’re at a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
What causes diabetes?
Insulin resistance: Type 2 diabetes mainly results from insulin resistance. When cells in your liver, muscles, and fat do not respond to insulin as they should, you develop insulin resistance. Several factors and conditions contribute to varying degrees of insulin resistance, including obesity, lack of physical activity, diet, hormonal imbalances, genetics and certain medications.
Autoimmune disease: Type 1 diabetes and LADA happen when your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in your pancreas.
Hormonal imbalances: During pregnancy, the placenta releases hormones that cause insulin resistance. You may develop gestational diabetes if your pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to overcome the insulin resistance. Other hormone-related conditions like acromegaly and Cushing syndrome can also cause Type 2 diabetes.
Pancreatic damage: Physical damage to your pancreas — from a condition, surgery or injury — can impact its ability to make insulin, resulting in Type 3c diabetes.
Genetic mutations: MODY and neonatal diabetes can be brought on by certain genetic mutations.
How is diabetes managed?
Monitoring your blood sugar: If you want to know how well your current treatment plan is working, you need to keep an eye on your blood sugar (glucose). It gives you information on how to manage your diabetes on a daily — and sometimes even hourly — basis. You can monitor your levels with frequent checks with a glucose meter and finger stick and/or with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). You and your healthcare provider will determine the best blood sugar range for you.
Oral diabetes medications: Oral diabetes medications (taken by mouth) help manage blood sugar levels in people who have diabetes but still produce some insulin — mainly people with Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. People with gestational diabetes may also need oral medication. There are several different types. Metformin is the most common.
Insulin: People with Type 1 diabetes need to inject synthetic insulin to live and manage diabetes. Some people with Type 2 diabetes also require insulin. Synthetic insulin comes in a variety of forms. They each start to work at different speeds and last in your body for different lengths of time. The four main ways you can take insulin include injectable insulin with a syringe (shot), insulin pens, insulin pumps and rapid-acting inhaled insulin.
Diet: Because food has a big impact on blood sugar, meal planning and choosing a healthy diet for you are important aspects of diabetes management. If you take insulin, counting carbs in the food and drinks you consume is a large part of management. The amount of carbs you eat determines how much insulin you need at meals. Healthy eating habits can also help you manage your weight and reduce your heart disease risk.
Exercise: Physical activity increases insulin sensitivity (and helps reduce insulin resistance), so regular exercise is an important part of management for all people with diabetes.
How can I prevent diabetes?
-Eat a healthy diet, such as the Mediterranean diet.
-Get physically active. At least five days a week, aim for 30 minutes.
-Work to achieve a weight that’s healthy for you.
-Control your anxiety.
-Reduce alcohol consumption.
-Get adequate sleep (typically 7 to 9 hours) and seek treatment for sleep disorders.
-Quit smoking.
-Take the medications your doctor gives you to control your heart disease risk factors.
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